Strategies of coercion or deterrence use military power in this informational sense, as contrasted with distributional strategies of attack and defense. The deployment or mobilization of military forces enables one state to signal to another that it cares about an issue enough to fight for it. Yet military capabilities can also be used to convey information about political interests or resolve. War is a way of forcibly redistributing rights, resources, or other benefits. Most obviously, military capabilities can be used for conquest or defense. Traditionally, military forces have been used in two very different ways. War may be “politics by other means” in the venerable Clausewitzian formula, but military means can be used for different political ends. In addition to the traditional tradeoff between “guns versus butter,” therefore, politicians also have to worry about “guns versus guns.” This means that choices about military force structure are politically consequential. Different specialized military capabilities have comparative advantages and disadvantages for different strategic ends. The concept of “ cross-domain deterrence,” helps us to understand the relationship between military means and political ends more clearly. However, they generally cannot be achieved simultaneously, or to the same extent. These are all worthy and desirable goals. Most national leaders would like their coercive threats to be believed, their military forces to be victorious, their security policies to be affordable, and the risk of war to be minimized. Just as there are many different types of military capabilities and threats, there are also many different types of political objectives. National Security Strategy asserts, “State and non-state actors place the safety of the American people and the Nation’s economic vitality at risk by exploiting vulnerabilities across the land, air, maritime, space, and cyberspace domains.” military dominance are becoming more complex as well. military power increasingly relies on a many different types of platforms and capabilities from different services. The portfolio of military options available to policymakers and commanders today is large and growing.
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